Details about tunnelling technics and it's method- with video

Tunneling techniques

Tunnels are constructed for transportation purpose as an artificial passage they are required for money purposes.

Uses

• Highway 
• Railway
• Seaway disposes
• Water supply

Methods of tunneling

1. Firm ground

2. Soft ground

3. Running ground

4. Rock

1. Tunneling in Firm ground

Methods to be shape, size, and available equipment

a) Full face method

b) Top heading method

c) drift method

a) Full face method

Excavation to be done is divided into 3 or more section first the top section is cut followed by 2 and 3

b) Top heading method

C) Drift method 

2. Tunneling in soft ground

In such cases, the traditional method attempted with "fore poling method"

  This method consists of driving boards ahead to support them which are known as spiles

Stone masantry and it's type- with video

Stone masonry

Stone masonry is classified based on the thickness of the join connectivity of the courses and finish of the shape

Types of stone masonry

1. Rubble masonry

2. Ashlar masonry

These two types explained below

1. Rubble masonry

It is the stonework where the blocks of stone are either undressed and have wider join.

Generally, stones are not uniform in size and shape but to extend it is in a pyramid shape.

The strength of the masonry depends on the quality of mortar and filling space.

Types of rubble

a) Random rubble

b) Square rubble

c) Plugs rubble

2. Ashlar masonry

It is a stonework where the block of stones is accurately dressed with very fine joined of 3mm thick.

Type of ashlar

a) Ashlar fine 

b) Ashlar rough tooled

c) Ashlar rock

d) Ashlar face

Video reference

This video was referring from youtube

In this video explain carrier of stone masonry

Using house construction video

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