Details about tunnelling technics and it's method- with video

Tunneling techniques

Tunnels are constructed for transportation purpose as an artificial passage they are required for money purposes.

Uses

• Highway 
• Railway
• Seaway disposes
• Water supply

Methods of tunneling

1. Firm ground

2. Soft ground

3. Running ground

4. Rock

1. Tunneling in Firm ground

Methods to be shape, size, and available equipment

a) Full face method

b) Top heading method

c) drift method

a) Full face method

Excavation to be done is divided into 3 or more section first the top section is cut followed by 2 and 3

b) Top heading method

C) Drift method 

2. Tunneling in soft ground

In such cases, the traditional method attempted with "fore poling method"

  This method consists of driving boards ahead to support them which are known as spiles

Stone masantry and it's type- with video

Stone masonry

Stone masonry is classified based on the thickness of the join connectivity of the courses and finish of the shape

Types of stone masonry

1. Rubble masonry

2. Ashlar masonry

These two types explained below

1. Rubble masonry

It is the stonework where the blocks of stone are either undressed and have wider join.

Generally, stones are not uniform in size and shape but to extend it is in a pyramid shape.

The strength of the masonry depends on the quality of mortar and filling space.

Types of rubble

a) Random rubble

b) Square rubble

c) Plugs rubble

2. Ashlar masonry

It is a stonework where the block of stones is accurately dressed with very fine joined of 3mm thick.

Type of ashlar

a) Ashlar fine 

b) Ashlar rough tooled

c) Ashlar rock

d) Ashlar face

Video reference

This video was referring from youtube

In this video explain carrier of stone masonry

Using house construction video

If u want more details to comment it...

Details about precast pavement(concrete) with youtube video

Precast pavement

Precast concrete

• It is a factory made concrete
• It is different from the cast in site tube concrete
• Which cast inform of the site.
• The type of construction will satisfy the following aims.

                1. the economy

                2. Improve quality

                3. Spit up construction

               4. Make an identical construction unit.

Youtube video

For more details see this video.

The content of this video

In this video is explain the HOW TO INSTALL THE PRECAST PAVEMENT.....

**If u want more details about it command.**

Important for civil engineering

Civil engineering

Civil engineering is very old but is gold

Because is important for all engineering for example road is constructed civil engineers but use for mechanical and automobile  engineering

So

                  KEEP

               CLAIM   CIVIL ENGINEERING

Details about jacking and it's types

Jacking

Jacking is the process of creating an underpass below the railway track or road without any destruction.

Types of jacking

1. Box jacking
2. Arch jacking
3. Pipe Jacking

1. Box jacking

Box jacking as the tunneling process in which precast RCC box is pushed into the soul with the help of the hydraulic jack.

Jacking of large boxes technique has found while use in Europe and India around 13 years.

3. Pipe Jacking

It is a tunneling method for installing underground pipeline with minimum surface destruction primarily used too new sewer construction.

It is generally referred to us micro-tunneling.

Powerful hydraulic jack is used to push the spatially designed pipe through the ground and at the same time the excavation is taken the pipe.

Definition and Details about Bearing capacity of soil for Foundation

Bearing capacity of the soil

• It is the earth that provides ultimate support for most of the structure including building and bridges damps highway and etc.,
• Bearing capacity is defined as load or pressure develop under the Foundation which out introducing damping movement in the Foundation.
• Following criteria has to be followed while evaluating the bearing capacity

1. Antiquate origin against the excessive settlement
2. Antiquate factor is a safety again the failure of collapse.
3. Safe bearing capacity or allowable soil pressure has no fixed value

It is based on density strength depth of Foundation and etc.,

Cohesionless soil----100KN/m² to 450KN/m²

Cohesive soil----------150KN/m² to 450 KN/m²

Details about the building Foundation

Building Foundation

Sup structure is the lowest portion of the building which is considered to be located on the ground.

The superstructure is that the portion of the building which is constructed above the ground level or slab surface.

Subsurface is nothing but the Foundation which is provided to give stability to the building and to distribute the load coming from the superstructure.

About civil engineering short and sweet

Names-	Civil engineer
Occupation -type	Professional
Activity -sectors	design and management of structures, transportation systems, and infrastructure
Description
Competencies-	technical knowledge, management skills, mathematical analysis.

Short notes about Pile Foundation

Pile Foundation

Pile Foundation is also called as deep Foundation. It is one of the types of Foundation.
It is used loose soil.
It will be founded on below the ground on hardening soil or rock

History of road development in India

History of road development in India

1. The road in ancient India
2. The road in the Mughal period 
3. A road in the nineteenth century
4. Jayakar committee its recommendation
5. Central road funds
6. Indian road congress(IRC)
7. Nagpur road conference
8. Central road research institute (CRRI)
9. National highway act
10. Second twenty years road development plan
11. 3rd twenty years road development plan

Types of explanation

1.

Road Indian symbol for the administrative and military purpose. Chandragupta and Artha Shastra regulation the depth of roads various purposes and different kinds of traffic

ASHOKA improved the roads and features for the Travellers

2.

The road to India greatly improved. some of the highway but are maintained by Mughals receive appreciation from the foreigners linking coastal and day Central parts

3.

 This period to the introduction of Railways Tank Road was metal and a bridge that provided. supervision with us military engineers. in fact this roads connected important military and business center

4.

After the first world war, the motor vehicle using the road increased and this demanded better road Network and carry both bullock cart vehicle, motor vehicle. the existing Road when not capable to withstand the mixed traffic condition.

5.

Central Road fund was formed by 1st March 1929. the consumer of petrol charges an extra tax of 2.645.

 20% percent of annual income Central reserve for road experiment research on  road and Bridge project

6.

7.

Highway planning and significance

Highway planning

• Planning is the basic requirements for any new projects or expansion programme
• Highway planning is a basic need for highway development
• Particularly is a basic need for highway development
• Particularly planing is of great importance when the funds available or limited were as total requirements is much higher

The significance of highway planning

• To provide a safe, efficient, economic, comfortable and speedy moment for people and goods
• To plan for expected features development and social needs to fix update wise properties for the development of each road link based on utility
• To optimize the usage of roads with available resources
• To work out a financing system

Different modes of transportation and it's explanation

Modes of transportation

The basic modes of transportation

1. Land
2. Water
3. Air

The four major mods are transportation

1. Road. Ways
2. Railways
3. Waterways
4. Airways

The transportation among air is the fastest among the four modes.

A travel also provides more comfort apart from saving in transportation.

The transportation by water is slowest among the four modes, but these mods need minimum energy to the unit load.

The transportation along the railway track put to be the advantage by railway between the two stations both for the passenger and goods, particularly for long distance.

The transportation by the road is the only mode which goods give maximum service to one and all.

This mod has also the minimum flexibility for travel with reference to route, direction, time and speed of vehicle through any mode of a road vehicle.

Types boring and it's explanation

Types of boring

1. Auger Boring

2. Wash boring

3. Rotary boring

1. Auger Boring

It is used in cursive and another soft side above the water table

The hand auger is used for up to above 6 meter

Mechanically operated auger is used for credit and they can also use in gravelly soil

Sample recovered from the soil brought by Auger  are badly disturbed and are useful for identification purpose only

2. Wash boring

  it is a fast and simple method for advancing hole in the type of soil

 rock cannot be penetrated by this method

This method consists in first driving a causing the through which a hollow drill rod with a sharp chapping bit at the lower end is inserted

Water is forced under pressure through the drill rod which is alternately raised and also rotated

The resulting chapping active of the bit and water disintegrate the soil

The cutting is forced Up To ground surface in the form of soil water slurry through the annular space between the drill rod

The sample recovered from the wash water is all most Value less for interpreting the correct Geotechnical properties of the soil

3. Rotary boring

Rotary boring is a very fast method of heart wants a hole in Rock

A drill bit fixed to the lower end of the training rod is protected and is always kept in contact with the bottom of the hole

A drilling mud, usually a water solution of Bentonite with or without other at mixture is continuously for forced down the Hollow drill rod

The mud returning awards bring the cutting to the surface the method is also known as mud totally drilling and the hole usually required no causing

Rotating core barrels, provided with commercial diamond stud ed bits are also used for rotary building and obtaining the rock sample

The method is also known as core values drilling

Standard Penetration test details and Penetration types

Types of the Penetration test and its explanation

1. Standard Penetration test(SPT)
2. Static cone Penetration test
3. Dynamic Cone Penetration test

Standard Penetration test

SPT is a field test to determine the relative density of sandy soil and to find the allowable bearing pressure of soil

The test is performed on clean borehole 55mm to 150mmin diameter and supported on site s by a casing pipe.

split spoon sampler of 50 mm external diameter 35 mm internal diameter and 650 mm length is used in this test

The minimum length of the sampler is 16 centimeter and the sampler is connected to the end of Boring Rods

The sampler is driven into the undisturbed soil below the bottom of the borehole by means of a 65 kg hammer falling freely through a height of 750 mm

The sampler is first driven by 15 centimeters length, so as to sheet the sampler and to bypass any disturbed and at the bottom of the Borehole

SPT Value

The number of blows required to drive the simpler 30 centimeters beyond seating drive is termed as the Penetration resistance "N"

Correction to be absorbed N

1.over burden pressure

2.submergence

(Static Cone Penetration test and dynamic cone Penetration test update next)

foundation::types::type details about shallow foundation

   Type of foundation

1. Shallow Foundation
2. Deep Foundation or pile foundation

1. Shallow Foundation

According to terzaghi's Foundation is shallow if it is " is equal to or less then it's width"

2. Deep Foundation

  deep Foundation is also called as pile Foundation

  pile foundations are provided at clay soil area

Explain about the type of shallow Foundation

•  spread footing
• combined footing

•  strip footing

• strap footing

• mat or raft footing

updated

 spread footing

The spread footing is provided to support on individual columns
The spread footing is circular, rectangular slap to a uniform thickness
Sometimes it is stored spread the load over a large area.

Strip footing 

The strip footing is provided for load bearing Wall The strip footing is also provided for the row of the column which are so closely spaced that that spread footing overlapped or nearly to each other

•  it is more economical to provide
• Strip footing did provide a number of footing spread in one line
• The strip footing is also known as continuous footing
• 
  

Companies footing

• It support two column
• It is used when the two column are so close to each other that the individual footing overlap 
• the combined footing maybe rectangular or trapezoidal in shape

Strapped footing 

• It is consist of two isolated footing connected with their structural strap
• The strap connect the to footing such that they behave as one unit
• Best strap simply act as a connecting beam and does not gain any soil reaction
• The strap is designed as a rigid beam
• The strap footing is more economical than a combined footing
• When the allowable Soil pressure is relatively high and the distance between the column is large

Mat or raft Foundation

It is a large slab supporting the number of column and wall under the entire structure or a large part of the structure

The mat is required when the allowable soil pressure is low or the column and wall are so close that individual footing would over lap or nearly touch each other

The mat foundations are use full in reducing the "deferential settlement on non homogeneous soil"

**************pile foundation update next*************

Short information about Intake tower and types

Intake Tower full explanation

Intake towers are generally used on the large project and on rivers and reservoir where there are large fluctuations in water level.

Kate controlled opening at various levels called port, generally provided in these concrete towers selection of quality of water to be withdrawn.

Access to this towers is generally provided for operating the gate etc., By means of a footbridge from the tower Up To the dam

Type of intake towers

1. Dry intake tower 

2. Wet intake tower

*****More explanation update soon******
(Follow my block get more information about intake tower)

Details about Cement concrete,type of cement and Cement grades

Explanation about cement

• Hydraulic cement most commonly known as cement (also refer PC or OPC)

            PC- Portland Cement

            OPC- Ordinary Portland Cement

• It is one of the most extensively use basic material it all construction
• It is finely ground material which on addition of quantity of water and air
• The two main components of cement are

               1. Clay

               2. caco3

Components of OPC

1. Lime
2. Silica
3. Alumina
4. Calcium sulphates
5. Iron oxide
6. Magnesium oxide
7. Sulphate dioxide
8. All values

Properties of cement

1. Best binding material
2. High plastic properties
3. Used for high strength in masonry structure
4.  hardness in short time
5. High resistance of water and the other atmospheric effect

Cement type

1. Ordinary Portland cement
2. High Alumina cement
3. Portland pozzolana cement
4. Masonry cement
5. Hydro graphic cement
6. Quick setting cement
7. Low heat cement
8. Expanding cement
9. Rabbit hardening cement
10. Acid resisting cement
11. Sulphate resisting cement
12. White cement
13. Coloured cement

Cement concrete

Concrete is an important construction material consisting of integration with material such as course fine aggregate fine binding material cement and lime

Grades of cement concrete

1. Ordinary cement concrete 

2. standard Cement concrete

3. High strength cement concrete

1. Ordinary Cement concrete

• M 10
• M 15
• M 20

1. Standard Cement concrete

• M 25
• M 30
• M 35
• M 40
• M 45
• M 50
• M 55

1. High strength Cement concrete

• M 60 
• M 65
• M 70
• M 75
• M 80

Quality control of cement concrete

Major civil engineer work such as storage building dams harbours and etc.,

Specification of s important of the project

In order to make the quality concrete at the site the field work has to be organised and 3 division

         1. Engineering division

         2.  Manufacturing division

         3. Placing division

******Picture update soon**********

*******And more explanation***********

Highway history

Highway history.         

 (Next update 1.11.16)

Historical development of road construction:

Contents;

1. Roman roads
2. Tresaguet roads
3. Met calf construction
4. Telford construction
5. Macadam construction

1. Roman roads

Above picture is representing the Roman roads. the clear picture will be updated soon. 

These roads are horizontal roads. It used Amie purposes only.

2. Tresaguet construction

Explanation and clear figure update soon.

3. Met calf construction

• Road construction work in England
• Responsible for 290 kilometers of road in England
• As Met calf was blind much of his work was not recorded

4.Telford construction

Explanation and clear figure update soon.

5.macadam construction

Explanation and clear figure update soon.

Details about the foundation

Foundation

Foundation is that part of the structure which is in direct contact with and load to the ground is included

•  self-weight of the structure
• Dead load
•  live load
•  wind load
• Earth quack load

 type of foundation

1. Shallow Foundation
2. Deep Foundation

1. Shallow Foundation

According to terzaghi's Foundation is shallow if it is " is equal to or less then it's width"

2. Deep Foundation

  deep Foundation is also called as pile Foundation

  pile foundations are provided at clay soil area

Explain the type of shallow Foundation

•  spread footing
• combined footing

•  strip footing

• strap footing

• mat or raft footing

(Follow my bloc get more information about FOUNDATION)