Details about tunnelling technics and it's method- with video

Tunneling techniques

Tunnels are constructed for transportation purpose as an artificial passage they are required for money purposes.

Uses

• Highway 
• Railway
• Seaway disposes
• Water supply

Methods of tunneling

1. Firm ground

2. Soft ground

3. Running ground

4. Rock

1. Tunneling in Firm ground

Methods to be shape, size, and available equipment

a) Full face method

b) Top heading method

c) drift method

a) Full face method

Excavation to be done is divided into 3 or more section first the top section is cut followed by 2 and 3

b) Top heading method

C) Drift method 

2. Tunneling in soft ground

In such cases, the traditional method attempted with "fore poling method"

  This method consists of driving boards ahead to support them which are known as spiles

Stone masantry and it's type- with video

Stone masonry

Stone masonry is classified based on the thickness of the join connectivity of the courses and finish of the shape

Types of stone masonry

1. Rubble masonry

2. Ashlar masonry

These two types explained below

1. Rubble masonry

It is the stonework where the blocks of stone are either undressed and have wider join.

Generally, stones are not uniform in size and shape but to extend it is in a pyramid shape.

The strength of the masonry depends on the quality of mortar and filling space.

Types of rubble

a) Random rubble

b) Square rubble

c) Plugs rubble

2. Ashlar masonry

It is a stonework where the block of stones is accurately dressed with very fine joined of 3mm thick.

Type of ashlar

a) Ashlar fine 

b) Ashlar rough tooled

c) Ashlar rock

d) Ashlar face

Video reference

This video was referring from youtube

In this video explain carrier of stone masonry

Using house construction video

If u want more details to comment it...

Details about precast pavement(concrete) with youtube video

Precast pavement

Precast concrete

• It is a factory made concrete
• It is different from the cast in site tube concrete
• Which cast inform of the site.
• The type of construction will satisfy the following aims.

                1. the economy

                2. Improve quality

                3. Spit up construction

               4. Make an identical construction unit.

Youtube video

For more details see this video.

The content of this video

In this video is explain the HOW TO INSTALL THE PRECAST PAVEMENT.....

**If u want more details about it command.**

Important for civil engineering

Civil engineering

Civil engineering is very old but is gold

Because is important for all engineering for example road is constructed civil engineers but use for mechanical and automobile  engineering

So

                  KEEP

               CLAIM   CIVIL ENGINEERING

Details about jacking and it's types

Jacking

Jacking is the process of creating an underpass below the railway track or road without any destruction.

Types of jacking

1. Box jacking
2. Arch jacking
3. Pipe Jacking

1. Box jacking

Box jacking as the tunneling process in which precast RCC box is pushed into the soul with the help of the hydraulic jack.

Jacking of large boxes technique has found while use in Europe and India around 13 years.

3. Pipe Jacking

It is a tunneling method for installing underground pipeline with minimum surface destruction primarily used too new sewer construction.

It is generally referred to us micro-tunneling.

Powerful hydraulic jack is used to push the spatially designed pipe through the ground and at the same time the excavation is taken the pipe.

Definition and Details about Bearing capacity of soil for Foundation

Bearing capacity of the soil

• It is the earth that provides ultimate support for most of the structure including building and bridges damps highway and etc.,
• Bearing capacity is defined as load or pressure develop under the Foundation which out introducing damping movement in the Foundation.
• Following criteria has to be followed while evaluating the bearing capacity

1. Antiquate origin against the excessive settlement
2. Antiquate factor is a safety again the failure of collapse.
3. Safe bearing capacity or allowable soil pressure has no fixed value

It is based on density strength depth of Foundation and etc.,

Cohesionless soil----100KN/m² to 450KN/m²

Cohesive soil----------150KN/m² to 450 KN/m²

Details about the building Foundation

Building Foundation

Sup structure is the lowest portion of the building which is considered to be located on the ground.

The superstructure is that the portion of the building which is constructed above the ground level or slab surface.

Subsurface is nothing but the Foundation which is provided to give stability to the building and to distribute the load coming from the superstructure.